Federal Water Resources: Farming the Deep Blue Sea

Interested in starting a company likely to make millions while creating jobs and providing Americans with high-quality, nutritious, and tasty meals? Step one:  take your entrepreneurial energy and investment capital to another country and build your company there. Why? Well, here are some reasons listed by Bill Frezza, a venture capitalist and fellow at the Competitive Enterprise Institute:

Getting the required permits and licenses to operate a deep-water fish farm in the U.S. would require running the gantlet of dozens of federal and state regulatory agencies, some with overlapping jurisdictions and none with a mandate to lead the process. Agencies would include the Environmental Protection Agency, Army Corps of Engineers, Fish and Wildlife Service, Food and Drug Administration, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Regulations that would have to be complied with include the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, Jones Act, OSHA rules, and who knows how many others. Regional Fishery Management Councils and various state agencies involved in historic preservation and tourism would all have a say. (RealClearMarkets article 2012)

Open Blue is the firm, and their deep sea fishing operations are off the coast of Panama, where founder Brian O’Hanlon believes the government regulatory process to be less costly and complex than in the U.S.

Fish farms far out to sea have many advantages over those close to shore. Bill Frezza notes deep sea operations are “where swift currents carry away and disperse the waste produced by concentrated fish stocks, it would allow the farmed fish to swim in the same fresh water as their wild cousins–the best of both worlds.”

The Battle Over Fish Farming In The Open Ocean Heats Up, As EPA Permit Looms (NPR/KUOW, September 2019). Key is reform for federal water resources:

But the biggest potential home for aquaculture, federally controlled ocean waters, has so far been off limits. States control up to three miles offshore from their coastlines, but between three and 200 miles falls under federal control. Attempts to introduce aquaculture in federal waters have so far been stymied by concerns about aquaculture’s impact on ocean ecosystems and wild fisheries.

Now the tide could be turning. On Aug. 30, EPA issued a draft permit for a pilot aquaculture project in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Florida. The project, despite its small scale, would be a watershed moment in the debate surrounding ocean aquaculture, which has divided environmental groups and pitted fishermen who catch wild fish against those who farm. It is also the latest chapter in a long battle about which agency should regulate ocean aquaculture.

Mr. Frezza notes that NOAA did try to streamline permitting:

NOAA made several attempts a decade ago to promote a national aquatic farming initiative that would cut through the red tape and set up a one-stop-shop for deep-water fish farming permits. Bills were introduced in Congress twice but were shot down due to opposition from entrenched fishing interests.

 This 2009 CNN article looks at Brian O’Hanlon’s Open Blue enterprise.  As sometimes happens, wild entrepreneurial ideas like open seas fish farming follow years of obsessive entrepreneurial experiments at home:

[O’Hanlon] drove a pickup from Long Island to the Alabama coast, where he rode a boat 50 miles offshore and caught 10 red snapper. He put the fish in a 2,000-liter fiberglass tank that he’d jerry-rigged with oxygen and water-filtering systems, towed them back to New York in a U-Haul and dropped them into a 3,000-gallon tank installed in his parents’ basement. (Luckily for O’Hanlon, his family was equally fish-obsessed.)

If you’ve filled your parent’s basement with fish tanks, you too may have a future in aquaculture. Future fish matter for the good health of millions. Farmed fish can reduce pressure on wild catches, though many fear farmed salmon escape to harm wild salmon populations.

The future of fish farming is a big issue. The Economist has a nice Aquaculture page collecting articles here. Meanwhile, off the coast of Ireland, the BIM [Bord Iascaigh Mhara] Irish Sea Fisheries Board has applied for a license to raise Atlantic salmon  about a mile offshore (1.7 km). The BIM article notes that United Nations (FAO) says “42  million tonnes of farmed seafood will be required annually by the year 2030” The proposed BIM operation off Galway Bay “could produce up to 15,000 tonnes of organic salmon every year.”

How to feed fish in expanding open ocean fish farms? Other floating fish farms can help: Floating offshore farms should increase production of seaweed (Economist, October 2, 2021). The Economists global warming seaweed article floats behind a paywall, but you can read instead and listen to: The Seaweed Solution with Dr. Ricardo Radulovich (October 3, 2019):

Dr. Ricardo Radulovich is a professor at the University of Costa Rica and founder of Aquafarms+. He is working to ensure food security for future generations. Agriculture on land may not be able to keep up with the demand for food. We need alternative choices of food and animal feed. The solution can be found in cultivating seaweed.

Starting a seaweed farm can help clean the water of excess nutrients that usually comes from runoff from land-based agriculture. Seaweeds are used in numerous products including bread, ice cream, toothpaste, tortilla chips and beer. Fishermen in traditional fishing communities can incorporate seaweed cultivation to help diversify their income. Some seaweeds are rich in iron, fiber, magnesium and vitamins.

And more at Open-Source Seafarming: A Blue Revolution in Costa Rica?

Ricardo Radulovich is building cheap, sustainable sea-farms that could revolutionize agriculture, clean our oceans, and feed millions.

There are a billion chronically hungry people, and many more are malnourished. Humanity urgently needs to increase food production apart from overexploited fisheries and unsustainable agriculture on terra firma.

Such a revolution in food production is possible at sea, where boundless spaces teem with renewable agricultural resources. Enter Ricardo Radulovich, a Costa Rican water sciences professor laboring to freely share his potentially revolutionary sea-farming technologies.

Through more than ten-years of marine agriculture research, funded in part by The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and The World Bank, Radulovich developed low-cost sea-farm models suitable for even the poorest of coastal, pan-tropical countries.

Returning the open ocean story to US federal waters is this September 20, 2020 LA Times article, Open-ocean fish farm proposed off San Diego coast could be first in federal waters:

The proposed Pacific Ocean AquaFarm would be about four miles offshore of San Diego and would generate 5,000 metric tons of sushi-grade yellowfish each year — enough for 11 million servings of the popular seafood.

A partnership between Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute and Pacific6 Enterprise, the project also would create a diversity of economic opportunities and provide a local source for a fish that is now mostly imported.

The institute submitted a federal permit application for the project Sept. 9. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration will lead the environmental review of their proposal, which will take about 18 to 24 months. Construction would take about a year, and the first set of fish stocked there would be ready for market 18 to 22 months after that, Kent said.

Federal water resources include vast federal waters and you can see the potential: What is the EEZ? The exclusive economic zone is the zone where the U.S. and other coastal nations have jurisdiction over natural resources